Discussion

Module 5 Discussion
Each weekly module will include a Discussion to be completed in Groups. Discussions will open at 8A on Wednesday mornings; weekly Discussions will include one original post to be completed by Sunday night before 11:59P, and two peer responses to be completed by Tuesday night before 11:59P.
Discussions may include case studies, article reviews, reflections of clinical experience, etc. The original post will account for 50% of the Discussion grade, the two peer replies will each account for 25% of the Discussion grade, for a total of 100% for each week’s Discussion.
Highlighted In red means other students already choose the topic, you can choose the ones not highlighted.

For Module 5 Discussion, choose one question from each chapter
QUESTION 11-1:
• What is cancer?
• Identify the major differences between benign and malignant tumors.
• What is carcinoma in situ?
QUESTION 11-2
• Describe the differences between point mutations, chromosomal translocations, and gene amplification in the process of cancer.
• Define driver and passenger mutations in cancer development.
• Why is the tumor microenvironment important to cancer progression?
QUESTION 11-3:
• What are the heritable changes in cells that contribute to cancer development?
• Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
• Biologically, why do tumor-suppressor genes have to be inactivated to cause cancer?
• Define telomeres, telomerase, and senescence and describe their effects on cancer.
QUESTION 11-4:
• Why is the stroma important for cancer growth and invasion?
• Identify cancers that are the result of chronic inflammation.
• Why does inflammation fuel cancer development/invasion?
• Identify common viruses that can cause cancer.
QUESTION 11-5:
• Describe the major clinical manifestations of cancer.
• How is cancer diagnosed?
• What are the most common treatments of cancer?
•
Chapter 12
QUESTION 12-1

1. Discuss what is meant by “environment is the main cause of cancer.”
2. What is the role of the microenvironment in cancer development and progression?
QUESTION 12-2
1. Define developmental plasticity.
2. Discuss how epigenetic processes can be modified by environmental factors.
3. Define the developmental basis of health and disease.
QUESTION 12-3
1. What are the cancers associated with cigarette smoking?
2. What are some dietary components that may cause or offer protection from cancer?
3. What are the possible pathophysiologic mechanisms of obesity-associated cancer risk?
The mechanisms of obesity-associated cancer risks are unclear and may vary by type of tumor and distribution of body fat. Abdominal obesity has bee
4. How does ionizing radiation contribute to carcinogenesis? UV radiation?
QUESTION 12-4
1. Identify the high-risk types of HPVs that are carcinogenic.
2. What components of air pollution are considered most important for carcinogenesis?
3. Describe the genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis.
Chapter 13
QUESTION 13-1:

1. What are the main types of childhood cancer?
2. What are the overall incidences of childhood and adolescent cancer?
QUESTION 13-2:
1. How does the etiology of childhood cancer differ from that of adult cancer?
QUESTION 13-3:
1. What are the most common childhood cancers?
2. How do they differ from adult cancers?
QUESTION 13-4:
1. Why are carcinomas less likely to develop in children?
2. Compare the different etiologic factors associated with childhood cancers.
QUESTION 13-5:
1. What are the treatment options available for childhood and adolescent cancer?
2. Explain some of the long-term side effects of these treatments.